Byker
2006-07-12 13:40:48 UTC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American
From their earliest presence in North America, Africans and African
Americans have contributed literature, art, agricultural skills, foods,
clothing styles, music, language, social and technological innovation to
American culture.
(bullshit snipped)From their earliest presence in North America, Africans and African
Americans have contributed literature, art, agricultural skills, foods,
clothing styles, music, language, social and technological innovation to
American culture.
Black Invention Myths
Perhaps you've heard the claims: Were it not for the genius and energy of
African-American inventors, we might find ourselves in a world without
traffic lights, peanut butter, blood banks, light bulb filaments, and a vast
number of other things we now take for granted but could hardly imagine life
without.
Such beliefs usually originate in books or articles about black history.
Since many of the authors have little interest in the history of technology
outside of advertising black contributions to it, their stories tend to be
fraught with misunderstandings, wishful thinking, or fanciful embellishments
with no historical basis. The lack of historical perspective leads to
extravagant overestimations of originality and importance: sometimes a
slightly modified version of a pre-existing piece of technology is mistaken
for the first invention of its type; sometimes a patent or innovation with
little or no lasting value is portrayed as a major advance, even if there's
no real evidence it was ever used.
Unfortunately, some of the errors and exaggerations have acquired an
illusion of credibility by repetition in mainstream outlets, especially
during Black History Month (see examples for the traffic light and ironing
board). When myths go unchallenged for too long, they begin to eclipse the
truth. Thus I decided to put some records straight. Although this page does
not cover every dubious invention claim floating around out there, it should
at least serve as a warning never to take any such claim for granted.
Each item below is listed with its supposed black originator beneath it
along with the year it was supposedly invented, followed by something about
the real origin of the invention or at least an earlier instance of it.
a.. Bibliography
b.. Email
Traffic Signal
Invented by Garrett A. Morgan in 1923? No!
The first known traffic signal appeared in London in 1868 near the Houses
of Parliament. Designed by JP Knight, it featured two semaphore arms and two
gas lamps. The earliest electric traffic lights include Lester Wire's
two-color version set up in Salt Lake City circa 1912, James Hoge's system
(US patent #1,251,666) installed in Cleveland by the American Traffic Signal
Company in 1914, and William Potts' 4-way red-yellow-green lights introduced
in Detroit beginning in 1920. New York City traffic towers began flashing
three-color signals also in 1920.
Garrett Morgan's cross-shaped, crank-operated semaphore was not among the
first half-hundred patented traffic signals, nor was it "automatic" as is
sometimes claimed, nor did it play any part in the evolution of the modern
traffic light. For details see Inventing History: Garrett Morgan and the
Traffic Signal.
Gas Mask
Garrett Morgan in 1914? No!
The invention of the gas mask predates Morgan's breathing device by
several decades. Early versions were constructed by the Scottish chemist
John Stenhouse in 1854 and the physicist John Tyndall in the 1870s, among
many other inventors prior to World War I. See The Invention of the Gas
Mask.
Peanut Butter
George Washington Carver (who began his peanut research in 1903)? No!
Peanuts, which are native to the New World tropics, were mashed into paste
by Aztecs hundreds of years ago. Evidence of modern peanut butter comes from
US patent #306727 issued to Marcellus Gilmore Edson of Montreal, Quebec in
1884, for a process of milling roasted peanuts between heated surfaces until
the peanuts reached "a fluid or semi-fluid state." As the product cooled, it
set into what Edson described as "a consistency like that of butter, lard,
or ointment." In 1890, George A. Bayle Jr., owner of a food business in St.
Louis, manufactured peanut butter and sold it out of barrels. J.H. Kellogg,
of cereal fame, secured US patent #580787 in 1897 for his "Process of
Preparing Nutmeal," which produced a "pasty adhesive substance" that Kellogg
called "nut-butter."
George Washington Carver
"Discovered" hundreds of new and important uses for the peanut? Fathered
the peanut industry? Revolutionized southern US agriculture? No!
Research by Barry Mackintosh, who served as bureau historian for the
National Park Service (which manages the G.W. Carver National Monument),
demonstrated the following:
a.. Most of Carver's peanut and sweet potato creations were either
unoriginal, impractical, or of uncertain effectiveness. No product born in
his laboratory was widely adopted.
b.. The boom years for Southern peanut production came prior to, and not
as a result of, Carver's promotion of the crop.
c.. Carver's work to improve regional farming practices was not of
pioneering scientific importance and had little demonstrable impact.
To see how Carver gained "a popular reputation far transcending the
significance of his accomplishments," read Mackintosh's excellent article
George Washington Carver: The Making of a Myth.
Automatic Lubricator, "Real McCoy"
Elijah McCoy revolutionized industry in 1872 by inventing the first device
to automatically oil machinery? No! The phrase "Real McCoy" arose to
distinguish Elijah's inventions from cheap imitations? No!
The oil cup, which automatically delivers a steady trickle of lubricant to
machine parts while the machine is running, predates McCoy's career; a
description of one appears in the May 6, 1848 issue of Scientific American.
The automatic "displacement lubricator" for steam engines was developed in
1860 by John Ramsbottom of England, and notably improved in 1862 by James
Roscoe of the same country. The "hydrostatic" lubricator originated no later
than 1871.
Variants of the phrase Real McCoy appear in Scottish literature dating
back to at least 1856 - well before Elijah McCoy could have been involved.
Detailed evidence: The not-so-real McCoy
Also see The Fake McCoy and Did Somebody Say McTrash?
Blood Bank
Dr. Charles Drew in 1940? No!
During World War I, Dr. Oswald H. Robertson of the US army preserved blood
in a citrate-glucose solution and stored it in cooled containers for later
transfusion. This was the first use of "banked" blood. By the mid-1930s the
Russians had set up a national network of facilities for the collection,
typing, and storage of blood. Bernard Fantus, influenced by the Russian
program, established the first hospital blood bank in the United States at
Chicago's Cook County Hospital in 1937. It was Fantus who coined the term
"blood bank." See highlights of transfusion history from the American
Association of Blood Banks.
Blood Plasma
Did Charles Drew "discover" (in about 1940) that plasma could be separated
and stored apart from the rest of the blood, thereby revolutionizing
transfusion medicine? No!
The possibility of using blood plasma for transfusion purposes was known
at least since 1918, when English physician Gordon R. Ward suggested it in a
medical journal. In the mid-1930s, John Elliott advanced the idea,
emphasizing plasma's advantages in shelf life and donor-recipient
compatibility, and in 1939 he and two colleagues reported having used stored
plasma in 191 transfusions. (See historical notes on plasma use.) Charles
Drew was not responsible for any breakthrough scientific or medical
discovery; his main career achievement lay in supervising or co-supervising
major programs for the collection and shipment of blood and plasma.
More: Charles Drew Mythology
Washington DC city plan
Benjamin Banneker? No!
Pierre-Charles L'Enfant created the layout of Washington DC. Banneker
assisted Andrew Ellicott in the survey of the federal territory, but played
no direct role in the actual planning of the city. The story of Banneker
reconstructing the city design from memory after L'Enfant ran away with the
plans (with the implication that the project would have failed if not for
Banneker) has been debunked by historians.
Filament for Light Bulb
Lewis Latimer invented the carbon filament in 1881 or 1882? No!
English chemist/physicist Joseph Swan experimented with a carbon-filament
incandescent light all the way back in 1860, and by 1878 had developed a
better design which he patented in Britain. On the other side of the
Atlantic, Thomas Edison developed a successful carbon-filament bulb,
receiving a patent for it (#223898) in January 1880, before Lewis Latimer
did any work in electric lighting. From 1880 onward, countless patents were
issued for innovations in filament design and manufacture (Edison had over
50 of them). Neither of Latimer's two filament-related patents in 1881 and
1882 were among the most important innovations, nor did they make the light
bulb last longer, nor is there reason to believe they were adopted outside
Hiram Maxim's company where Latimer worked at the time. (He was not hired by
Edison's company until 1884, primarily as a draftsman and an expert witness
in patent litigations).
Latimer also did not come up with the first screw socket for the light
bulb or the first book on electric lighting.
Heart Surgery (first successful)
Dr. Daniel Hale Williams in 1893? No!
Dr. Williams repaired a wound not in the heart muscle itself, but in the
sac surrounding it, the pericardium. This operation was not the first of its
type: Henry Dalton of St. Louis performed a nearly identical operation two
years earlier, with the patient fully recovering. Decades before that, the
Spaniard Francisco Romero carried out the first successful pericardial
surgery of any type, incising the pericardium to drain fluid compressing the
heart.
Surgery on the actual human heart muscle, and not just the pericardium,
was first successfully accomplished by Ludwig Rehn of Germany when he
repaired a wounded right ventricle in 1896. More than 50 years later came
surgery on the open heart, pioneered by John Lewis, C. Walton Lillehei
(often called the "father of open heart surgery") and John Gibbon (who
invented the heart-lung machine).
What medical historians say...
"Third Rail"
Granville Woods in 1901? No!
Werner von Siemens pioneered the use of an electrified third rail as a
means for powering railway vehicles when he demonstrated an experimental
electric train at the 1879 Berlin Industrial Exhibition. In the US,
English-born Leo Daft used a third-rail system to electrify the Baltimore &
Hampden lines in 1885. The first electrically powered subway trains, which
debuted in London in the autumn of 1890, likewise drew power from a third
rail. Details...
Railway Telegraph
Granville Woods prevented railway accidents and saved countless lives by
inventing the train telegraph (patented in 1887), which allowed
communication to and from moving trains? No!
The earliest patents for train telegraphs go back to at least 1873. Lucius
Phelps was the first inventor in the field to attract widespread notice, and
the telegrams he exchanged on the New York, New Haven & Hartford railroad in
January 1885 were hailed in the Feb. 21, 1885 issue of Scientific American
as "perhaps the first ever sent to and from a moving train." Phelps remained
at the forefront in developing the technology and by the end of 1887 already
held 14 US patents on his system. He joined a team led by Thomas Edison, who
had been working on his "grasshopper telegraph" for trains, and together
they constructed on the Lehigh Valley Railroad one of the only induction
telegraph systems ever put to commercial use. Although this telegraph was a
technical success, it fulfilled no public need, and the market for on-board
train telegraphy never took off. There is no evidence that any commercial
railway telegraph based on Granville Woods's patents was ever built. About
the patent interference case
Refrigerated Truck
Frederick Jones (with Joseph Numero) in 1938? No! Did Jones change
America's eating habits by making possible the long-distance shipment of
perishable foods? No!
Refrigerated ships and railcars had been moving perishables across oceans
and continents even before Jones was born (see refrigerated transport
timeline). Trucks with mechanically refrigerated cargo spaces appeared on
the roads at least as early as the late 1920s (see the proof). Further
development of truck refrigeration was more a process of gradual evolution
than radical change.
Air Brake / Automatic Air Brake
Granville Woods in 1904? No!
In 1869, a 22-year-old George Westinghouse received US patent #88929 for a
brake device operated by compressed air, and in the same year organized the
Westinghouse Air Brake Company. Many of the 361 patents he accumulated
during his career were for air brake variations and improvements, including
his first "automatic" version in 1872 (US #124404).
Air Conditioner
Frederick Jones in 1949? No!
Dr. Willis Carrier built the first machine to control both the temperature
and humidity of indoor air. He received the first of many patents in 1906
(US patent #808897, for the "Apparatus for Treating Air"). In 1911 he
published the formulae that became the scientific basis for air conditioning
design, and four years later formed the Carrier Engineering Corporation to
develop and manufacture AC systems.
Airship
J.F. Pickering in 1900? No!
French engineer Henri Giffard successfully flew a powered navigable
airship in 1852. The La France airship built by Charles Renard and Arthur
Krebs in 1884 featured an electric motor and improved steering capabilities.
In 1900 Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin's first rigid-framed dirigible took to
the air. Of the hundreds of inventors granted patents for early airship
designs and modifications, few succeeded in building or flying their craft.
There doesn't appear to be any record of a "Pickering Airship" ever getting
off the ground.
US Aviation Patent Database, 1799-1909
Automatic Railroad Car Coupler
Andrew Beard invented the "Jenny [sic] coupler" in 1897? No!
The Janney coupler is named for US Civil War veteran Eli H. Janney, who in
1873 invented a device (US patent #138405) which automatically linked
together two railroad cars upon their being brought into contact. Also known
as the "knuckle coupler," Janney's invention superseded the dangerous
link-and-pin coupler and became the basis for standard coupler design
through the remainder of the millennium. Andrew Beard's modified knuckle
coupler was just one of approximately eight thousand coupler variations
patented by 1900. See a history of the automatic coupler and also The Janney
Coupler.
Automatic Transmission/Gearshift
Richard Spikes in 1932? No!
The first automatic-transmission automobile to enter the market was
designed by the Sturtevant brothers of Massachusetts in 1904. US Patent
#766551 was the first of several patents on their gearshift mechanism.
Automatic transmission technology continued to develop, spawning hundreds of
patents and numerous experimental units; but because of cost, reliability
issues and an initial lack of demand, several decades passed before vehicles
with automatic transmission became common on the roads.
Bicycle Frame
Isaac R. Johnson in 1899? No!
Comte Mede de Sivrac and Karl von Sauerbronn built primitive versions of
the bicycle in 1791 and 1816 respectively. The frame of John Starley's 1885
"safety bicycle" resembled that of a modern bicycle.
Cellular Phone
Henry T. Sampson in 1971? No!
On July 6, 1971, Sampson and co-inventor George Miley received a patent on
a "gamma electric cell" that converted a gamma ray input into an electrical
output (Among the first to do that was Bernhard Gross, US patent #3122640,
1964). What, you ask, does gamma radiation have to do with cellular
communications technology? The answer: nothing. Some multiculturalist
pseudo-historian must have seen the words "electric" and "cell" and thought
"cell phone."
The father of the cell phone is Martin Cooper who first demonstrated the
technology in 1973.
Clock or Watch (First in America)
Benjamin Banneker built the first American timepiece in 1753? No!
Abel Cottey, a Quaker clockmaker from Philadelphia, built a clock that is
dated 1709 (source: Six Quaker Clockmakers, by Edward C. Chandlee;
Philadelphia, The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1943). Banneker
biographer Silvio Bedini further refutes the myth:
Several watch and clockmakers were already established in the colony
[Maryland] prior to the time that Banneker made the clock. In Annapolis
alone there were at least four such craftsmen prior to 1750. Among these may
be mentioned John Batterson, a watchmaker who moved to Annapolis in 1723;
James Newberry, a watch and clockmaker who advertised in the Maryland
Gazette on July 20, 1748; John Powell, a watch and clockmaker believed to
have been indentured and to have been working in 1745; and Powell's master,
William Roberts.
Silvio Bedini, The Life of Benjamin Banneker (Baltimore: Maryland
Historical Society, 1999)
Clothes Dryer
George T. Sampson in 1892? No!
The "clothes-drier" described in Sampson's patent was actually a rack for
holding clothes near a stove, and was intended as an "improvement" on
similar contraptions:
My invention relates to improvements in clothes-driers.... The object of
my invention is to suspend clothing in close relation to a stove by means of
frames so constructed that they can be readily placed in proper position and
put aside when not required for use.
US patent #476416, 1892
Nineteen years earlier, there were already over 300 US patents for such
"clothes-driers" (Subject-Matter Index of Patents...1790 to 1873).
A Frenchman named Pochon in 1799 built the first known tumble dryer - a
crank-driven, rotating metal drum pierced with ventilation holes and held
over heat. Electric tumble dryers appeared in the first half of the 20th
century.
Dustpan
Lloyd P. Ray in 1897? No!
While the ultimate origin of the dustpan is lost in the mists (dusts?) of
time, at least we know that US patent #20811 for "Dust-pan" was granted to
T.E. McNeill in 1858. That was the first of about 164 US dustpan patents
predating Lloyd Ray's. See the dustpan patent list.
Egg Beater
Willie Johnson in 1884? No!
The hand-cranked egg beater with two intermeshed, counter-rotating whisks
was invented by Turner Williams of Providence, Rhode Island in 1870 (US
Patent #103811). It was an improvement on earlier rotary egg beaters that
had only one whisk.
Electric Trolley
Did Granville Woods invent the electric trolley car, the overhead wire
that powers it, or the "troller" wheel that makes contact with the trolley
wire, in 1888? No!
Dr. Werner von Siemens demonstrated his electric trolleybus, the
Elektromote, near Berlin on April 29, 1882. The vehicle's two electric
motors collected power through contact wheels rolling atop a pair of
overhead wires. The earliest patentee of an electric trolley in the United
States appears to be Eugene Cowles (#252193 in 1881), followed by Dr. Joseph
R. Finney (#268476 in 1882) who operated an experimental trolley car near
Pittsburgh, PA in the summer of 1882. In early 1885, John C. Henry
established in Kansas City, MO, the first overhead-wire electric transit
system to enter regular service in the United States. Belgian-born Charles
van Depoele, who earned 240+ patents in electric railway technology and
other fields, set up trolley lines in several North American cities by 1887.
In February 1888, a trolley system designed by Frank Sprague began operating
in Richmond, Virginia. Sprague's system became the lasting prototype for
electric street railways in the US.
Elevator
Alexander Miles in 1887? No!
Was Miles the first to patent a self-closing shaft door? No!
Steam-powered hoisting devices were used in England by 1800. Elisha Graves
Otis' 1853 "safety elevator" prevented the car from falling if the cable
broke, and thus paved the way for the first commercial passenger elevator,
installed in New York City's Haughwout Department Store in 1857. The first
electric elevator appeared in Mannheim, Germany in 1880, built by the German
firm of Siemens and Halske. A self-closing shaft door was invented by J.W.
Meaker in 1874 ("Improvement in Self-closing Hatchways," US Patent No.
147,853). See Elevator Timeline
Fastest Computer/Computation
Was Philip Emeagwali responsible for the world's fastest computer or
computation in 1989? Did he win the "Nobel Prize of computing"? Is he a
"father of the Internet"? No!
The fastest performance of a computer application in 1989 was 6 billion
floating point operations per second (6 Gflops), achieved by a team from
Mobil and Thinking Machines Corp. on a 64,000-processor "Connection Machine"
invented by Danny Hillis. That was almost double the 3.1 Gflops of
Emeagwali's computation. Computing's Nobel Prize equivalent is the Turing
Award, which Emeagwali has never won. More...
Fire Escape
Joseph Winters in 1878? No!
Winters' "fire escape" was a wagon-mounted ladder. The first such
contraption patented in the US was the work of William P. Withey, 1840 (US
patent #1599). The fire escape with a "lazy-tongs" type ladder, more similar
to Winters' patent, was pioneered by Hüttman and Kornelio in 1849 (US patent
#6155). One of the first fire escapes of any type was invented in
18th-century England:
In 1784, Daniel Maseres, of England, invented a machine called a fire
escape, which, being fastened to the window, would enable anyone to descend
to the street without injury.
Benjamin Butterworth, Growth of Industrial Art, 1888
By 1888 the US had granted 1,099 patents on fire escapes of "many forms,
and of every possible material" (Butterworth).
Fire Extinguisher
Thomas J. Martin in 1872? No!
In 1813, British army captain George Manby created the first known
portable fire extinguisher: a two-foot-tall copper cylinder that held 3
gallons of water and used compressed air as a propellant. One of the
earliest extinguishers to use a chemical extinguishing agent, and not just
water, was invented in 1849 by the Englishman William Henry Phillips, who
patented his "fire annihilator" in England and the United States (US patent
#7,269).
Food Additives, Meat Curing
Lloyd Hall "is responsible for the meat curing products, seasonings,
emulsions, bakery products, antioxidants, protein hydrolysates, and many
other products that keep our food fresh and flavorable"? No! Hall
"revolutionized the meatpacking industry"? No!
Hall introduced no major class of additive, certainly not meat curing
salts (which are ancient), protein hydrolysates (popularized by Julius Maggi
as flavor enhancers in 1886), emulsifiers and antioxidants (lecithin, for
example, was used in both roles before Lloyd Hall had any patents in food
processing). The so-called revolutionary meat curing product marketed by
Hall's employer was invented primarily by Karl Max Seifert?; the number of
Seifert's patent was printed right on the containers. Hall's main
contribution to this product was to reduce its tendency to cake during
storage. Details: Lloyd Hall myth.
Fountain Pen
W.B. Purvis in 1890? No!
The first reference to what seems to be a fountain pen appears in an
Arabic text from 969 AD; details of the instrument are not known. A French
"Bion" pen, dated 1702, represents the oldest fountain pen that still
survives. Later models included John Scheffer's 1819 pen, possibly the first
to be mass-produced; John Jacob Parker's "self-filling" pen of 1832; and the
famous Lewis Waterman pen of 1884 (US Patents #293545, #307735). Early
History of the Fountain Pen
Golf Tee
Dr. George Grant in 1899? No!
A small rubber platform invented by Scotsmen William Bloxsom and Arthur
Douglas was the world's first patented golf tee (British patent #12941 of
1889). The first known tee to penetrate the ground, in contrast to earlier
tees that sat on the surface, was the peg-like "Perfectum" patented in 1892
by Percy Ellis of England. American dentist William Lowell introduced the
most common form of tee used today, the simple wooden peg with a flared top.
Details...
Hairbrush
Lyda Newman in 1898? No!
An early US patent for a recognizably modern hairbrush went to Hugh Rock
in 1854 (US Design Patent no. D645), though surely there were hairbrushes
long before there was a US Patent Office.
The claim that Lyda Newman's brush was the first with "synthetic bristles"
is false: her patent mentions nothing about synthetic bristles and is
concerned only with a new way of making the handle detachable from the head.
Besides, a hairbrush that included "elastic wire teeth" in combination with
natural bristles had already been patented by Samuel Firey in 1870 (US,
#106680). Nylon bristles weren't possible until the invention of nylon in
1935.
Halogen Lamp
Frederick Mosby? No
The original patent for the tungsten halogen lamp (US #2,883,571; April
21, 1959) is recorded to Elmer G. Fridrich and Emmett H. Wiley of General
Electric. The two had built a working prototype as early as 1953. Fred Mosby
was part of the GE team charged with developing the prototype lamp into a
marketable product, but was not responsible for the original halogen lamp or
the concept behind it.
Hand Stamp
William Purvis in 1883? No!
The earliest known postal handstamp was brought into use by Henry Bishop,
Postmaster General of Great Britain, in the year 1661. The stamp imprinted
the mail with a bisected circle containing the month and the date. See
"Bishop marks"
Heating Furnace
Alice Parker in 1919? No!
In the hypocaust heating systems built by the ancient Romans, hot air from
a furnace circulated under the floor and up through channels inside the
walls, thereby distributing heat evenly around the building. One of the most
famous heating systems in recent centuries was the iron furnace stove known
as the "Franklin stove," named after its purported originator Benjamin
Franklin around 1745 AD. The US had issued over 4000 patents for heating
stoves and furnaces by 1888 (Benjamin Butterworth, Growth of Industrial Art,
1888).
Horseshoe
Oscar E. Brown in 1892? No!
Some sources on the web, if not ignorant enough to say Brown invented the
first horseshoe ever, will at least try to credit him for the first double
or compound horseshoe made of two layers: one permanently secured to the
hoof, and one auxiliary layer that can be removed and replaced when it wears
out. However, in the US there were already 39 earlier patents for horseshoes
using that same concept. The first of these was issued to J.B. Kendall of
Boston in 1861, patent #33709.
Ice Cream
Augustus Jackson in 1832? No!
Flavored ices resembling sherbet were known in China in ancient times. In
Europe, sherbet-like concoctions evolved into ice cream by the 16th century,
and around 1670 or so, the Café Procope in Paris offered creamy frozen dairy
desserts to the public. The first written record of ice cream in the New
World comes from a letter dated 1700, attesting that Maryland Governor
William Bladen served the treat to his guests. In 1777, the New York Gazette
advertised the sale of ice cream by confectioner Philip Lenzi. History of
Ice Cream
Ironing Board
Sarah Boone in 1892? No!
Of the several hundred US patents on ironing boards granted prior to Sarah
Boone's, the first three went to William Vandenburg in 1858 (patents #19390,
#19883, #20231). The first American female patentee of an ironing board is
probably Sarah Mort of Dayton, Ohio, who received patent #57170 in 1866. In
1869, Henry Soggs of Columbus, Pennsylvania earned US patent #90966 for an
ironing board resembling the modern type, with folding legs, adjustable
height, and a cover. Another nice example of a modern-looking board was
designed by J.H. Mallory in 1871, patent #120296. Details...
Laser Cataract Surgery
Patricia Bath "transformed eye surgery" by inventing the first laser
device to treat cataracts in 1986? No!
Use of lasers to treat cataracts in the eye began to develop in the mid
1970s. M.M. Krasnov of Russia reported the first such procedure in 1975. One
of the earliest US patents for laser cataract removal (#3,982,541) was
issued to Francis L'Esperance in 1976. In later years, a number of
experimenters worked independently on laser devices for removing cataracts,
including Daniel Eichenbaum, whose work became the basis of the Paradigm
PhotonT device; and Jack Dodick, whose Dodick Laser PhotoLysis System
eventually became the first laser unit to win FDA approval for cataract
removal in the United States. Still, the majority of cataract surgeries
continue to be performed using ultrasound devices, not lasers. Details...
Lawn Mower
John Burr in 1899? No!
English engineer Edwin Budding invented the first reel-type lawn mower
(with blades arranged in a cylindrical pattern) and had it patented in
England in 1830. In 1868 the United States issued patent #73807 to Amariah
M. Hills of Connecticut, who went on to establish the Archimedean Lawn Mower
Co. in 1871. By 1888, the US Patent Office had granted 138 patents for lawn
mowers (Butterworth, Growth of Industrial Art). Doubtlessly there were even
more by the time Burr got his patent in 1899.
Some website authors want Burr to have invented the first "rotary blade"
mower, with a centrally mounted spinning blade. But his patent #624749 shows
yet another twist on the old reel mower, differing in only a few details
with Budding's original.
Lawn Sprinkler
J. H. Smith in 1897? Elijah McCoy? No!
The first US patent with the title "lawn sprinkler" was issued to J.
Lessler of Buffalo, New York in 1871 (#121949). Early examples of
water-propelled, rotating lawn sprinklers were patented by J. Oswald in 1890
(#425340) and J. S. Woolsey in 1891 (#457099) among a gazillion others.
Smith's patent shows just another rotating sprinkler, and McCoy's 1899
patent was for a turtle-shaped sprinkler.
Mailbox (letter drop box)
P. Downing invented the street letter drop box in 1891? No!
George Becket invented the private mailbox in 1892? No!
The US Postal Service says that "Street boxes for mail collection began to
appear in large [US] cities by 1858." They appeared in Europe even earlier,
according to historian Laurin Zilliacus:
Mail boxes as we understand them first appeared on the streets of
Belgian towns in 1848. In Paris they came two years later, while the English
received their 'pillar boxes' in 1855.
Laurin Zilliacus, Mail for the World, p. 178 (New York, J. Day Co.,
1953)
From the same book (p.178), "Private mail boxes were invented in the
United States in about 1860."
Eventually, letter drop boxes came equipped with inner lids to prevent
miscreants from rummaging through the mail pile. The first of many US
patents for such a purpose was granted in 1860 to John North of Middletown,
Connecticut (US Pat. #27466).
Mop
Thomas W. Stewart in 1893? No!
Mops go back a long, long way before 1893. Just how long, is hard to
determine. Restricting our view to the modern era, we find that the United
States issued its first mop patent (#241) in 1837 to Jacob Howe, called
"Construction of Mop-Heads and the Mode of Securing them upon Handles." One
of the first patented mops with a built-in wringer was the one H. & J.
Morton invented in 1859 (US #24049).
The mop specified in Stewart's patent #499402 has a lever-operated clamp
for "holding the mop rags"; the lever is not a wringing mechanism as
erroneously reported on certain websites. Other inventors had already
patented mops with lever-operated clamps, one of the first being Greenleaf
Stackpole in 1869 (US Pat. #89803).
Paper Punch (hand-held)
Charles Brooks in 1893? No!
Was it the first with a hinged receptacle to catch the clippings? No!
The first numbered US patent for a hand-held hole punch was #636, issued
to Solyman Merrick in 1838. Robert James Kellett earned the first two US
patents for a chad-catching hole punch, in 1867 (patent #65090) and 1868
(#79232).
Pencil Sharpener
John Lee Love in 1897? No!
Bernard Lassimone of Limoges, France invented one of the earliest
sharpeners, receiving French patent number 2444 in 1828. An apparent
ancestor of the 20th-century hand-cranked sharpener was patented by G. F.
Ballou in 1896 (US #556709) and marketed by the A.B. Dick Company as the
"Planetary Pencil Pointer." As the user held the pencil stationary and
turned the crank, twin milling cutters revolved around the tip of the pencil
and shaved it into a point.
Love's patent #594114 shows a variation on a different kind of sharpener,
in which one would crank the pencil itself around in a stirring motion. An
earlier device of a similar type was devised in 1888 by G.H. Courson (patent
#388533), and sold under the name "President Pencil Sharpener."
Here are several other examples of 19th century sharpeners:
Early Mechanical Pencil Sharpeners
Mechanical Pencil Sharpener Gallery ~ 1884-1899
Permanent Wave Machine (for perming hair)
Marjorie Joyner in 1928? No!
That would be German hairdresser Karl Ludwig Nessler (aka Charles Nestlé)
no later than 1906.
Postmarking and Canceling Machine
William Barry in 1897? No!
Try Pearson Hill of England, in 1857. Hill's machine marked the postage
stamp with vertical lines and postmark date. By 1892, US post offices were
using several brands of machines, including one that could cancel, postmark,
count and stack more than 20,000 pieces of mail per hour (Marshall Cushing,
Story of Our Post Office, Boston: A. M. Thayer & co., 1892, pp.189-191).
Printing Press
W.A. Lavalette invented "the advanced printing press" in 1878? No!
Movable-type printing first appeared in East Asia. In Europe, around 1455,
Johann Gutenberg adapted the screw press used in other trades such as
winemaking and combined it with type-metal alloy characters and oil-based
printing ink. Major advances after Gutenberg include the cylinder printing
press (c. 1811) by Frederick Koenig and Andreas Bauer, the rotary press
(1846) by Richard M. Hoe, and the web press (1865) by William Bullock. Major
advances do not include Lavalette's patent, which was only one of 3,268
printing patents granted in the US by the year 1888 (Butterworth, Growth of
Industrial Art). Improvements After Gutenberg
Propeller for Ship
George Tolivar or Benjamin Montgomery? No!
John Stevens constructed a boat with twin steam-powered propellers in 1804
in the first known application of a screw propeller for marine propulsion.
Other important pioneers in the early 1800s included Sir Francis Pettit
Smith of England, and Swedish-born ship designer John Ericsson (US patent
#588) who later designed the USS Monitor.
Refrigerator
Thomas Elkins in 1879? John Stanard in 1891? No!
Oliver Evans proposed a mechanical refrigerator based on a
vapor-compression cycle in 1805 and Jacob Perkins had a working machine
built in 1834. Dr. John Gorrie created an air-cycle refrigeration system in
about 1844, which he installed in a Florida hospital. In the 1850s Alexander
Twining in the USA and James Harrison in Australia used mechanical
refrigeration to produce ice on a commercial scale. Around the same time,
the Carré brothers of France led the development of absorption refrigeration
systems. A more detailed timeline
Stanard's patent describes not a refrigeration machine, but an
old-fashioned icebox - an insulated cabinet into which ice is placed to cool
the interior. As such, it was a "refrigerator" only in the old sense of the
term, which included non-mechanical coolers. Elkins created a similarly
low-tech cooler, acknowledging in his patent #221222 that "I am aware that
chilling substances inclosed within a porous box or jar by wetting its outer
surface is an old and well-known process."
Rotary Engine
Andrew Beard in 1892? No!
The Subject Matter Index of Patents Issued from the United States Patent
Office from 1790 to 1873 Inclusive lists 394 "Rotary Engine" patents from
1810-1873. The Wankel engine, a rotary combustion engine with a four-stroke
cycle, dates from 1954. History of the Rotary Engine from 1588 Onward
Screw Socket for Light Bulb
Lewis Latimer? No!
The earliest evidence for a light bulb screw base design is a drawing in a
Thomas Edison notebook dated Sept. 11, 1880. It is not the work of Latimer,
though:
Edison's long-time associates, Edward H. Johnson and John Ott, were
principally responsible for designing fixtures in the fall of 1880. Their
work resulted in the screw socket and base very much like those widely used
today.
R. Friedel and P. Israel, Edison's Electric Light: Biography of an
Invention, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1986).
The 1880 sketch of the screw socket is reproduced in the book cited above.
Smallpox Vaccine
Onesimus the slave in 1721? No! Onesimus knew of variolation, an early
inoculation technique practiced in several areas of the world before the
discovery of vaccination.
English physician Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796
after finding that the relatively innocuous cowpox virus built immunity
against the deadly smallpox. This discovery led to the eventual eradication
of endemic smallpox throughout the world. Vaccination differs from the
primitive inoculation method known as variolation, which involved the
deliberate planting of live smallpox into a healthy person in hopes of
inducing a mild form of the disease that would provide immunity from further
infection. Variolation not only was risky to the patient but, more
importantly, failed to prevent smallpox from spreading. Known in Asia by
1000 AD, the practice reached the West via more than one channel.
Smokestack for Locomotives
L. Bell in 1871? No!
Even the first steam locomotives, such as the one built by Richard
Trevithick in 1804, were equipped with smokestacks. Later smokestacks
featured wire netting to prevent hazardous sparks from escaping. Page 115 of
John H. White Jr.'s American Locomotives: An Engineering History, 1830-1880
(1997 edition) displays a composite picture showing 57 different types of
spark-arresting smokestacks devised before 1860.
Steam Boiler Furnace
Granville Woods in 1884? No!
The steam engine boiler is of course as old as the steam engine itself.
The Subject Matter Index of Patents Issued from the United States Patent
Office from 1790 to 1873 Inclusive lists several hundred variations and
improvements to the steam boiler, including the revolutionary water-tube
boiler patented in 1867 by American inventors George Herman Babcock and
Stephen Wilcox.
Street Sweeper
Charles Brooks in 1896? No!
Brooks' patent was for a modified version of a common type of street
sweeper cart that had long been known, with a rotary brush that swept refuse
onto an elevator belt and into a trash bin. In the United States, street
sweepers started being patented in the 1840s, and by 1900 the Patent Office
had issued about 300 patents for such machines. Details...
Supercharger for Automobiles
Joseph Gammel/Gamell in 1976? No!
In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler received a German patent for supercharging an
internal combustion engine. Louis Renault patented a centrifugal
supercharger in France in 1902. An early supercharged racecar was built by
Lee Chadwick of Pottstown, Pennsylvania in 1908 and reportedly reached a
speed of 100 miles per hour. History of Supercharging
Toilet
T. Elkins in 1897? No!
The Minoans of Crete are said to have invented a flush toilet thousands of
years ago; however, there is probably no direct ancestral relationship
between it and the modern one that evolved primarily in England starting in
the late 16th century, when Sir John Harrington devised a flushing device
for his godmother Queen Elizabeth. In 1775 Alexander Cummings patented a
toilet in which some water remained after each flush, thereby suppressing
odors from below. The "water closet" continued to evolve, and in 1885,
Thomas Twyford provided us with a single-piece ceramic toilet similar to the
one we know today. Who Invented the Toilet?
Toilet for Railroad Cars
Lewis Latimer in 1874? No!
William E. Marsh Jr. of New Jersey took out US patent #95597 for
"Improvement in Water-closets for Railroad Cars" five years prior to
Latimer's 1874 patent with the same title. Marsh's patent specification
suggests that railroad-car water closets, i.e., toilets, were already in
use:
In the closets or privies of railroad cars, the cold and wind,
especially while the train is in motion, are very disagreeable... My
invention is to remove these objectionable features....
W. Marsh, US patent #95597, 1869
Tricycle
M.A. Cherry in 1886? No!
In Germany in the year 1680 or thereabouts, paraplegic watchmaker Stephan
Farffler built his own tricycle at 22 years of age. He designed it to be
pedaled with the hands, for obvious reasons. History of the tricycle
Turn Signals
Richard Spikes in 1913? No! Did the 1913 Pierce Arrow feature Spikes' turn
signals? No!
Electric turn signal lights were devised as early as 1907 (U.S. Patent
912,831), but were not widely offered by major automobile manufacturers
until the late 1930s, when GM developed its own version and made it standard
on Buicks. The Pierce Arrow Museum in Buffalo, NY denies that directional
signals were offered on 1913 Pierce Arrows.
Typewriter
L.S. Burridge & N.R. Marshman in 1885? No!
Henry Mill, an English engineer, was the first person to patent the basic
idea of the typewriter in 1714. The first working typewriter known to have
actually been built was the work of Pellegrino Turri of Italy in 1808.
Americans C. L. Sholes and C. Glidden patented the familiar QWERTY keyboard
in 1868 and brought it to market in 1873. In 1878 change-case keys were
added that enabled the typing of both capital and small letters. Typewriter
History
http://www33.brinkster.com/iiiii/inventions/